Construction Manual  

Are there safety issues that exist where NCDOT employees are at a higher risk of injury to perform field surveys?
 
Are there 100,000 cubic yards or more of unclassified excavation?
 
Is the workload of the Resident Engineer’s office such that Photogrammetry is needed?
 

Are there environmental concerns that make it cost prohibitive to use Photogrammetry (can only clear small areas at a time)?
 
Does traffic control phasing cause a need for numerous flights?
 
Natural ground and finished excavation must be above water.
 
It is necessary to have the area, to be flown, cleared and grubbed prior to the aerial survey. It is important that all required erosion control measures be installed in conjunction with clearing and grubbing.
 
Cost of ground surveys versus aerial surveys with respect to project topography and complexity must be considered. For a 17 – 20 acre site, the cost for both ground surveys and aerial surveys are approximately the same. As a rule, the smaller the site the more economical it is for ground surveys and the larger the site the more economical it is for aerial surveys. With the introduction of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) within NCDOT, the utilization of this new technology for small construction earthwork sites, borrow pits and stockpiles may be more economical than traditional ground survey.
 
Total turn around time for original and final terrain compilation and earthwork computation will be based upon schedules between the Resident Engineer and Photogrammetry. All efforts should be made to submit final flight request after paving is completed. Delayed requests for final flights may result in less accurate quantities due to erosion and other factors.​
 
It should be shown that it is in the best interest of the Department from the standpoint of construction personnel utilization and total construction engineering cost.
 
Aerial photography provides a permanent record of terrain on the date of photography and can be a valuable source of information for verifying earthwork quantities, ground conditions, etc., in the event of disputes or litigation.
 
Safety of field personnel, particularly in areas adjacent to high-speed, heavy traffic volumes, should be a consideration when determining whether aerial surveys should be used.

Written request to the State Photogrammetric Engineer notifying of the intent to use Photogrammetry.
 
Notice should be provided to the Photogrammetry Unit prior to the Preconstruction Conference so that scoping and scheduling can begin.​​​
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1. Upon receiving request for flight, Photogrammetry will submit a smart sheet Requisition request to the Chief Engineers office for expenditure approval of flight and related activities.
    
2. ​ ​Approximate the length that will be cleared and grubbed before flying starts. This length should normally be 2000 feet or greater. The decision on length of project to be flown should be mutually determined by the Resident Engineer and the Photogrammetry Unit. ​
    
3. Estimate the date when the project would be ready for a flight to take place.
    
4. The Resident Engineer’s office will be responsible for coordinating the placement and control of ground control panels. These panels should be set according to the panel plan provided by Photogrammetry. Questions concerning placement of panels may also be directed to the Photogrammetry Unit. Ground control surveys must be performed either by Location & Surveys staff or by state approved licensed Professional Land Surveyors. Weather and schedule permitting, the photo mission will be flown immediately upon completion of the paneling operation. IMPORTANT NOTE: Panels cannot be disturbed until area has been flown and the ground control surveys have been completed. The aerial photography is normally processed the same day the mission is flown. The Photogrammetry Unit notifies the Resident Engineer the next workday if the photography has been accomplished.
    
5. The Resident Engineer must furnish the Photogrammetry Unit with electronic copies of the ground control (including the localization report), slope stake data, and available project profile levels before compilation of the terrain data can begin.
    
6. The Resident Engineer should inform the Photogrammetry Unit, preferably with a MicroStation design file and associated explanation, of any construction areas that will require special consideration (such as detours, borrow pits, etc.)

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ORIGINAL TERRAIN DATA

 

Before an original terrain data file can be finalized, the Resident Engineer is to review the compiled original terrain model and answer all questions the Photogrammetry Unit may have about the data. The Resident Engineer is to inform the Photogrammetry Unit if they should use data from the Preconstruction DTM, the terrain data compiled after clearing and grubbing, or field data to fill in these questioned areas. After the Photogrammetry Unit has compiled an original terrain model, the Resident Engineer should be furnished an electronic copy of the original terrain data. Upon request, a copy of the printout and a graphic plot can be provided.

In order to provide a check of the original terrain data determined by the Photogrammetry Unit, the Resident Engineer should collect some terrain data points as slope stakes are set. These terrain data points should be furnished to the Photogrammetry Unit with the slope stake data. The Digital Terrain Model from the Photogrammetry Unit should be checked to ensure that coverage is carried out far enough. Any corrections or extensions that are needed should be identified and furnished to the Photogrammetry Unit. After all corrections and/or additions are made, the Resident Engineer will be furnished with a copy of the digital terrain model. The Contractor should be provided with one copy of the original cross-sections printout.​

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INTERMEDIATE TERRAIN DATA

 

At the Resident Engineer's request, the Photogrammetry Unit can conduct intermediate flights throughout the life of the project so that the Resident Engineer can keep up with an accurate summary of excavation quantities paid out to the Contractor. The Resident Engineer should contact the Photogrammetry Unit for an estimated date when the aerial survey can be performed. Panels will have to be set by the Resident Engineer's office prior to the flight. The Photogrammetry Unit requires a minimum of 3 days' notice prior to the flight. Weather and schedule permitting, the photo mission will be flown immediately upon completion of the paneling operation.

Each intermediate flight does not need to cover the whole project. These flights can be conducted over specific areas and can be flown to cover areas from station to station as long as the appropriate ground control has been set. 

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FINAL TERRAIN DATA

 

After the Contractor has completed grading the project, the Resident Engineer should contact the Photogrammetry Unit for an estimated date when aerial survey can be performed. The Resident Engineer must furnish a copy of all plan changes that affect horizontal or vertical limits as originally shown in the plans as this may impact the original terrain data. Panels will also have to be set by the Resident Engineer’s office prior to the flight. The Photogrammetry Unit requires a minimum of 3 days notice prior to the flight. Weather and schedule permitting, the photo mission will be flown immediately upon completion of the paneling operation.

 

Before the final terrain data and excavation quantities can be determined, the Resident Engineer must furnish the Photogrammetry Unit electronic copies of the final ground controls, slope stake data, and available project profile levels of the final profile along each line. Template information accounting for the sub-grade earthwork will be taken from the plans.

 

After the final terrain data has been determined, the Photogrammetry Unit may compute the unclassified earthwork estimate. After the unclassified earthwork estimate has been computed, it will be furnished to the Resident Engineer. The Resident Engineer’s office should provide a check of the final terrain data by collecting some terrain data points in the field and comparing them to the Photogrammetry Unit’s terrain data. The Digital Terrain Model from the Photogrammetry Unit should be checked to ensure that coverage is carried out far enough. Any corrections or extensions that are needed should be identified and furnished to the Photogrammetry Unit. After all corrections and/or additions are made, the Resident Engineer will be furnished with a copy of the digital terrain model and an earthwork summary sheet with an estimated volume of unclassified material.

Earthwork quantities provided by the Photogrammetry Unit reflect quantities between two dates of aerial photography and do not include quantities for detours, drainage ditches or other activity. The Resident Engineer should calculate these quantities separately. Pavement structure volume is not addressed in earthwork quantities provided by the Photogrammetry Unit, and if applicable, the Resident Engineer should calculate pavement quantities as well.  If the project has been paved prior to the final flight, then the pavement structure volume (pavement and shoulder construction above subgrade in unclassified excavation areas) must be added to the unclassified earthwork quantities provided by the Photogrammetry Unit.

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DOCUMENTATION

 

Where terrain data is determined by aerial surveys, the source documents to establish payment for the excavation quantities will be pay record data, all electronic terrain and data files, and aerial imagery files. The Photogrammetry Unit, as part of their permanent records, will retain a digital orthophoto of the aerial imagery, electronic files of terrain data, and all official correspondence. The Photogrammetry Unit will also provide an Aerial Survey (AS) report for each mission flown and an Earthwork Pay Quantity (EWPQ) survey report each time the excavation quantities for the whole project are calculated."​

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AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

 

Aerial photography provides an accurate and efficient means of obtaining earthwork quantities for a project. Control panels enable the Photogrammetry Unit to orient the digital imagery both horizontally and vertically and to obtain the correct scale. A survey party is required to install control panels prior to the aerial photography. The Resident Engineer’s survey party normally installs all of the control panels. If the Resident Engineer needs assistance in installing the panels, the Location and Surveys Unit should be contacted. Ground control surveys must be performed either by Location & Surveys staff or by state approved licensed professional surveyors. See Records and Reports elsewhere in this Manual.

 

Preliminary Planning

 

The Photogrammetry Unit should be notified at least one week prior to paneling the project. Photogrammetry will need the following information for their flight:

 

Project and TIP Numbers
 
The alignment that the flight is being scheduled for.
 
Estimated construction schedule (clearing & grubbing and final grading)
 
Beginning and ending stations of each alignment
 
Special criteria, if any. (Right side only, left side only, or other considerations)
 
The need for final intermediate flights.
 
If the flight is for borrow pits a location map and limits will need to be supplied.

Paneling

 

The Photogrammetry Unit will develop a panel plan for the required area. The panel plan will be supplied to the Resident Engineer.

 

• Panels should be placed according to the supplied panel plan. If a panel(s) needs to be moved from the designated location, notify and coordinate with the Photogrammetry Unit for the new location(s).
  

 

• Aerial Panels should have legs approximately 5 feet in length and a minimum 6 inches in width, or as recommended by the Photogrammetry Unit.

 

• Recommended material for aerial panels is Black & White Aerial Panels, Berntsen AP24X300 - STK 24 inches X 300 feet ROLL or 3M White Stamark Brand Tape, A380IES 4-inch X 30 yards.  Equivalent material is acceptable as long as there is sufficient contrast between the panel and the background material.  

 

• Panels should be placed on an unobstructed level area.

 

• The point of the arrow should represent the control point and should be where the horizontal and vertical data is established.​
  

Controlling Panels

 

The control for all panels should be based off of the same control monuments used to control the final design. This information is located in the Plan Sheets. If there is any question concerning the control monuments, the Location and Surveys Unit should be contacted.

 

All panels should be fully controlled (x, y, and z).
 
Panels are to be placed and numbered according to the supplied panel plan.
 
When more than one flight is necessary, coordinate with the Photogrammetry Unit on which panels to set.
 
The panel number should be painted on the top right hand corner of each panel.

Field Data

 

The horizontal and vertical control data for the panels should be provided to the Photogrammetry Unit as soon as possible within a maximum of two weeks after the flight. The control file should include header information in both North Carolina State Plane GRID and localized coordinates. ​The control data should be delivered to the Photogrammetry Unit electronically in the following format:

 

Panel ID# x – coordinate y - coordinate z – coordinate Alignment Station offset

(as needed)

 

Example: P1 1123456.78 212345.67 312.34

              P2 1123465.87 212354.78 223.45 L 10+00

              P3 1124567.89 212367.89 321.98

              P4 1124567.89 212456.78 345.67

              P5 1124676.89 212567.89 258.36 L 19+00 35’ left

 

Borrow Pits

 

Prior to paneling any borrow pit, discuss the specifics with the Photogrammetry Unit. The Photogrammetry Unit will provide a panel plan for the pit. Control for the panels should be based off the localized NCGRID.

 

General

 

Requesting the use of Photogrammetry for aerial surveys depends on various factors. Some of these factors are: the size of the area to be flown (the cleared and grubbed area); the number of ‘original’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘final’ flights required; the number of panels to be set prior to flying each section; the length of time to control the panels for each flight; and having adequate weather conditions to fly the aerial photography.

 

Once the Photogrammetry Unit has been notified in writing and the scope of the required photogrammetry work is clear, the acquisition of photography and unclassified earthwork estimation can begin. The preparation of the panel plan for the project can take up to a month to prepare. Placing the panels at the prescribed locations is important to properly control the project area.

 

To schedule a flight, the Photogrammetry Unit should be notified 3 days prior to the panels being completely set. The Photogrammetry Unit coordinates with the NCDOT Aviation Division to fly the project. The flight over the project area is dependent on adequate weather conditions. Occasionally it will be necessary to field inspect the control panels to ensure their condition when there have been weather delays.

 

When the Photogrammetry Unit receives the control, the collection of terrain data will begin, in the form of a Digital Terrain Model (DTM). The process of developing a DTM will be repeated for all subsequent flights, either for original ground, intermediate quantities (partial earthwork estimate), or for final earthwork estimate. Volume calculations are based off comparisons between the original DTMs and the final DTMs.

           

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DETERMINATION OF "S" DIMENSIONS

 

The field verification of “S” dimensions for ground mounted and overhead signs is a critical step in the design and construction process. Due to time constraints, this process should take place early in the project stages as soon as the project stake out information is available. The project phasing should be reviewed and discussed with the Contractor so that any signs that will need to be erected during early phases of the work are reviewed first. Slope stake data as determined by the Resident Engineers staff should be used in lieu of waiting for grading to be complete. When the project stake out is completed by the Contractor, the Resident Engineer should encourage this to be completed early and check the information for accuracy before requesting a plan revision.

 

The dimensions listed on the plans must be checked against the actual field conditions and any corrected distances provided to Traffic Engineering so that they may issue revised plan sheets. Form sheets for this will be provided by Traffic Engineering upon request. It should be noted that the distances below the point of reference on the drawings are positive and the distances above are negative. The following procedures should be used for verification of “S” dimensions:

 

The Resident Engineer or Contractor (depending on who is responsible for project stake out) should review the overhead sign drawings as shown in the original plans for accuracy. These drawings shall then be compared against the project typical sections as well as against the project roadway plans (including cross- sections). The location of these signs should then be reviewed in terms of placement or location of other conflicts including existing or proposed drainage systems, underground and/or above ground utilities, drainage ditches, etc. Adjustments in the location of these signs may be necessary to avoid these obstacles. Any relocation of these signs by any appreciable amount should be done only with consultation of the Project Signing Engineer.
 
Once signs are “conflict free,” the typical section at each station will then be used to determine the actual theoretical finished section at that station. The actual section will be determined using proper lane and shoulder widths (taking into account any tapers existing at these locations), roadway superelevations, shoulder rollovers, side ditches, barrier rail sections, etc.
 
Where applicable, slope stakes will be set at each sign location to verify all theoretical calculations. It is essential that the Contractor build the slopes in accordance with these slope stakes.
 
All of the above information will then be used (in conjunction with the finished grade at each sign location and the minimum clearance as indicated on the plans) to determine the “S” dimensions.
 
The fill and cut slopes at each sign support location also needs to be verified to ensure correctness of the plans. Any changes in these side slopes need to be noted and corrections sent to the Signing Unit along with the completed verified “S” dimensions.
 
Once field verification is complete, the results will be transmitted by the Resident Engineer to the Traffic Engineering Signing Unit.

Once this information is received by Traffic Engineering, and the revisions are complete, the revised plans will be forwarded to the Resident Engineer for his use and further distribution to the Contractor. The Resident Engineer should verify any changes that were made during the field verification are properly reflected. The Contractor may then proceed with the design of the overhead structures.

 

Any plan revisions must be taken into account when these dimensions are verified. Also remember to revise these “S” dimensions as necessary if plan revisions come out after the field verification process is complete.

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VERIFICATION OF GROUND MOUNTED SIGNS

 

The “S” dimension for ground mounted signs is the difference in elevation from the edge of travel lane to the point where the centerline of the support touches the ground. The edge of the travel lane is not the outside edge of the paved shoulder. When determining the “S” dimension, note if the elevation is above the travel lane or below the travel lane. In signing, positive (+) is used for elevations that are below the travel lane and negative (-) for elevations above the travel lane. If a sign is relocated in the field, note the new station and “S” dimensions so that the plans can be changed. See the following drawing titled “Verification of Ground Mounted Signs” for clarification.

 

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VERIFICATION OF OVERHEAD SIGN ASSEMBLIES

 

Checking the information on overhead sign assemblies in the field will consist of “S” dimensions at the center of the structure upright supports, cut or fill slopes, and pavement width information. The “S” dimension for overheads is different from that of ground mounted signs. The elevation of the center of the upright is from the high point of the road. This includes paved shoulders, mountable medians, future lanes, or any point that a vehicle could physically drive on under any sign on the overhead structure. The side slope is the slope at the centerline of the uprights and at least 2 feet on both sides. Both the “S” dimension and the slopes are used by Structure Design to check the footing design. The width of each lane or part of a lane, shoulders, and the offset to the uprights should be verified. This is the cross section that the contractor will have to construct. See attached drawing on the proceeding page for clarification.

 

For projects that have contract surveying, the Contractor will be responsible for providing this information to the Resident Engineer in accordance with Subarticle 801-2(H) of the 2012 Standard Specifications. The Resident Engineer will forward the information to the Signing Section for review and the design of the revised signing plans.

 

Verifications of these dimensions must be made before supports for the ground mounted or overhead signs can be ordered by the contractor.

 

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STRUCTURE STAKEOUT

 

Structure and Roadway plans should be studied together prior to beginning staking in order to become familiar with the planned work, to establish where reference points may be placed and remain undisturbed, to check lengths of box culverts as required on the culvert plans, and to check and recalculate slope, roadway widths, and elevations common to structure and adjacent roadway.

 

During stakeout and construction of the structures, bound field or level books shall be used for structure work books in which shall be recorded: diagrams and sketches showing location of construction stakes set; complete level notes of elevations set for all parts of the structure and grade hubs; the names of all those doing the survey work, what each person did, and the date the work was done.

 

Structures should be staked using the most accurate equipment and methods at the Resident Engineer's disposal. Total stations are preferred. Radial Stakeout should not be used for major structure stakeout. Control lines to be staked and referenced for bridges are: centerline or long chord line, end bent fill face lines, and interior bent centerlines, or other designated work lines. For box culverts the lines are: centerline of culvert and ends of barrel. Offset grade hubs should also be set for culverts. Hubs with tacks and clearly marked guard stakes shall be used to reference these lines. The Manual For Construction S​takeout should be followed.  There is also a Structure Layout video on the NCDOT YouTube channel.

 

The sketches represent typical bridge and culvert layouts. They should be varied to suit individual cases. The links to the sketches can be found here: 
​

• Typical Reinforced Concrete Box Culvert Survey Layout (See page 64 of Manual for Construction  Layout)
  


• Typical Bridge - Tangent Survey Layout  (See page 60 of ​Manual for Construction Layout)
  


• Typical Bridge - Curve Survey Layout ​(See page 61 of Manual for Construction Layout​)
  

Checking Layout

 

When a structure is staked out by NCDOT staff, Resident Engineers and Party Chiefs should develop a systematic scheme for checking a structure stakeout both during the stakeout and after the structure has been laid out.  Each measurement, whether a distance, angle turned, or elevation given should be checked.  One scheme that will serve to check the work is to let entirely different personnel check the layout.  Another practical way to check the layout is to change roles within the survey party and perform a check of the layout.  This method will also serve to provide additional experience and training for party personnel.  When stakeout is performed by Contract Surveyors, an NCDOT survey party should perform a check of the structure layout.    

 

Engineering Practices To Follow

 

Check instruments periodically for accuracy.
 
Check alignment stationing in the field from two independent references.
 
Check bench marks in the field from two independent references. All bench marks which are established for use during construction should be, as nearly as practicable, of a permanent nature. Check bench marks used for structure construction with bench marks used for roadway construction. When setting bench marks, avoid setting them in deep embankments that have not set for several months or in any embankments in the vicinity of anticipated pile driving operations. This can be an inconvenience, but problems can arise due to settlement of the bench marks. Levels can be run from bench marks in other areas and temporary bench marks set, or checked, each time critical elevations are necessary, or at least once a week while in use except when pile driving has been taking place. If pile driving has taken place in the vicinity, the temporary bench marks set in embankments should be checked at least daily when in use.
 
Completely stake structure when practicable before construction begins.
 
Systematically and uniformly identify all points with clearly marked guard stakes.
 
Set extra points to facilitate replacing those destroyed.
 
Check railroad rail elevations against bottom of beam elevations at railroad separations during stakeout and compare difference in elevations to vertical clearance shown on plans.
 
Check cut and fill slopes at end bents during and after grading but prior to starting structure construction.
 
Immediately prior to casting the cap of a substructure unit, elevations are to be checked on the chamfer strip for each bridge seat. Immediately after all concrete in the cap has been cast, another check is to be made at each bridge seat using an independent set-up of the instrument. Any falsework slippage or excessive settlement will then be apparent. After the first substructure unit has been completed, both of the above checks shall include a check on a bridge seat of a previously cast cap. All rod readings and computations for the above shall be recorded, dated, and initialed in the structure field book.
 
Check camber in beams and girders after they are erected but before connections are tightened. Beam camber shall be corrected to conform to 12 millimeters (1/2 inch) for proper tolerance.
 
Check bridge slab thickness when the dry run is performed. 
 
Check projection of shear studs into slab.
 
Slope protection berm width should be computed prior to slope staking the ends of the bridge fills. The toe of the slope protection should be staked to insure that alignment and grade will conform with that of the roadway.
 
It is usually good practice to establish a temporary bench mark on a substructure as soon as it is completed. This is usually accomplished by setting one temporary benchmark on a wing wall of each end bent.
 
Check top of pavement elevations against bottom of beam elevation at flyovers during stakeout and compare difference in elevations to vertical clearance shown on plans to insure it is sufficient.

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SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR GRADING BUILD-UPS ON CONTINUOUS OR SIMPLE SPAN BRIDGES

 

Final bottom of slab elevations at twentieth points between centerline of bearings are furnished by the Structures Management Unit. The elevations are given along the centerline of each girder and are used in computing the height of the build-ups. There is a video entitled Bridge Deck Buildups on the NCDOT YouTube channel.

 

Build-up height is fixed at the centerline of bearing and would be constant throughout the length of a span if the actual girder camber was exactly as shown, but the build-ups will normally vary in height between bearings.

 

Tops of girders should be marked with paint at each twentieth point. (For longer spans 40th or 60th points may be required – see construction elevations provided from the Structures Management Unit.) After camber has been checked, necessary corrections made, and diaphragm connection bolts tightened, elevations should be determined on top of girders at each twentieth point and used in computing build-up heights. The effect of the sun can significantly change girder camber. Levels should be run either early in the morning or on a completely overcast morning. Deflections shown in the deflection tables are used in the required computations. Build-up height at a twentieth point is computed as follows:

 

+ final bottom of slab elevation

+ deflection due to weight of slab

+ deflection due to weight of parapet, rail, and F.W.S.

- top of girder elevation (determined in field)

 

The algebraic sum of these values equals the height of build-up above the top of girder. In some cases, this value will be minus indicating the girder flange projects into the slab.  In such cases the Area Construction Engineer should be consulted.

 

The build-up heights for the entire bridge can be computed and listed in a field book well in advance of any forming operation. These heights can be marked on the top of girder at the proper twentieth point.

 

The Contractor should be made aware that the computed height is at the centerline of girder and will vary at each side of the build-up depending on the deck cross slope and flange width.

 

Theoretical overhang elevations are no longer supplied and should not be used to grade overhangs.

 

Overhangs can be graded very efficiently by using the overhang typical section and adjusting by a small amount of form settlement and compensating for build-ups on the top of the exterior girders or beams.  This can be done either with a “preacher” or checking the algebraic difference from the buildup to the overhang with an engineer’s level. There is a video entitled Overhangs​ on the NCDOT YouTube chanel.

 

It should be noted that bridges with normal crown and similar overhangs on both sides can be graded using one typical section with the algebraic difference between the bottom of slab over the exterior girder or beam and the outside bottom edge of the overhang. A structure with constant superelevation will require two typical section computations. A structure with variable superelevation or varying width overhangs, such as those found on horizontally curved bridges with straight girders, will require a different typical section computation at each grade point if the superelevation or overhang width changes.

 

Regardless of grade point spacing, all overhang brackets or jacks should be graded. A quick interpolation between grade points, with adjustment for top flange thickness when it changes, can be easily calculated.  String-lining between graded jacks to set other jacks is also acceptable.

 

Following is an example in English Units of using this method to grade overhang formwork: See Figure 1.

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Step 1 - Compute algebraic difference between bottom of slab and outside bottom edge of overhang:

​Therefore, grade for an overhang point opposite a field build-up of +0.12 = -0.24 + 0.12 = -0.12 below the top of beam or girder.

 

Beginning in April 2017 the construction elevations were revised to provide the algebraic difference between the bottom of the slab over the centerline of the exterior girder and the outside edge of the overhang, eliminating the calculations above , with the exception of adding in form settlement.  The construction elevations would give the difference of -0.26’, and the +0.02 form settlement would then need to be added.

Given this information the algebraic difference between the top of the girder and the overhang grade is easily determined.  Assuming the buildup at this location was 0.33' you would add the -0.26' above to the buildup, resulting in a difference of 0.07' from the top of the girder to the bottom of the overhang. 

The construction elevations also show the distance from the centerline of the exterior girder to the overhang.  This information is especially useful when laying out the overhangs on a curved bridge with straight girders.  In such cases that the overhangs are laid out in this way you should pull a string down the center of the girder from bearing to bearing to locate the theoretical center of girder.  This is necessary due to potential sweep in the girder.   

Step 2 - Show overhang grades in structure workbook opposite build-up grades and adjusted to level over from top of beam or girder with the use of an engineering level and rod or a carpenter level and rule. Interpolate in between grades to adjust each overhang bracket or jack to assure uniform grade. It is acceptable to string line between jacks at twentieth points which have been graded, to grade intermediate jacks. All grades can be computed and checked in the structure workbook well ahead of  time.

 

The reason construction theoretical grades should not be used (and are no longer included in Construction Elevations) is to eliminate the effects temperature changes and the constant movement of girders or beams. Using typical sections will assure all overhangs are relative to the girder or beam and therefore a constant slope will be attained on the bottom of overhangs. In an extreme case, it would be possible to have a reverse slope on the overhang bottom if the girder or beam has moved sufficiently down and a theoretical elevation is used. 

There is also a YouTube video discussing installation of Cast In Place Bridge Decking.

 

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SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR GRADING HEADERS

 

As of April 2017, header grades are no longer supplied in the construction elevations.  Better results are observed when the transverse screed is graded as outlined below and the header is left 1-2” low.  The screed is allowed to finish over the header to the proper grade.  

If the contractor elects to use a longitudinal screed contact your Area Construction Engineer for guidance on setting header elevations.

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SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR GRADING SCREEDS

 

A. Transverse Screed

 

After overhang forms have been graded, the screed rail can be adjusted to some predetermined constant height above the bottom form at the outside edge of overhang. A gage stick and carpenter's level can be used in adjusting the screed rail to the proper elevation.

 

The screed carriage must be graded to conform to the transverse slope of the deck, taking into consideration the weight of the operator and finishing mechanism.

 

Dry runs should be made in accordance with the procedure at the end of this section to assure proper operation and slab thickness. Links to setup demonstration videos are also included in the procedure.  Pour direction and finishing direction can have drastic effects on the finish, and should be checked during the dry run and discussed at the Pre-Pour meeting. Ideally, the dry run should be performed before the Pre-Pour Meeting and the results discussed at the meeting.

 

B. Longitudinal Screed

 

Longitudinal Screeds are rarely used due to limited span length capability and the ease of grading transverse screeds. If a longitudinal screed is proposed to be used, contact the Area Construction Engineer to determine if it is an acceptable application and for assistance with reviewing the setup.

 

The grade for the screed shall be computed accurately and set in the screed with an engineer’s level or a string line.  The shape of the screed should end up reflecting the vertical alignment of the road where the screed is set.  Computation of screed grades is somewhat complicated for continuous spans when a longitudinal screed is used.  Procedures included in the Engineering Control Section of this Manual are recommended.

 

When using longitudinal screeds: the first interior bay should be loaded with concrete before loading the overhang.  This procedure will minimize unequal beam deflections.  As soon as the first overhang has been loaded and the deck concrete has been screeded beyond the second beam, the overhang shall be checked for grade.  For full pour simple spans, the grade should be checked with an Engineer's level.  For simple spans with multiple pours and continuous spans, the overhangs should be checked with a “preacher.”  Although the “preacher” does not assure exact final grades, it does assure smooth lines on the overhang.  Details for constructing a “preacher” are included in the aforementioned procedure for grading overhang forms, headers, etc.  If form adjustment is necessary, it should be made immediately.  The other overhang should be checked as soon as it is loaded.

 

Dry Run Procedure for Transverse Screeds

1. Screed Rails can be set initially by measuring up a constant distance from the overhang form or the top of the side form, but this is only preliminary.  Final adjustments must be made prior to the dry run.
   

2. For more detailed discussion of screed setup see Chapter 4 of the Structures II (CON 815) Manual and view the Transverse Screed Setup videos on YouTube Construction Unit Training playlist​.  ​Before beginning, at all four corners of the screed, the distance from the screed rail up to the carriage rail should be the same and the carriage rail should be straightened (Video 1),  the rollers should be aligned (Video 2), and if the bridge is in a crown section, crown can be adjusted into the truss at this point (Video 3​).         

3. The screed should be pulled to the zero buildup location of one exterior girders.  The distance from the buildup to the bottom edge of the front of the drums should be measured.  Both legs on this side of the screed should be adjusted identically until the distance measured is equal to the deck thickness plus the buildup.  This step should be repeated for the other exterior girder.  After this, the screed is set to grade (Video 4​).  
   
4. Begin on one of the exterior girders.  At each 20th point (or 40th or 60th point on longer spans) use the stick constructed in Video 4 to measure up from the top of the girder to the carriage rail.  The carriage should be located as close to the exterior girder line you chose as possible and still allow for easy measurement.  This measurement should equal the calculated buildup.
   
5. If the  buildup is greater than the calculated buildup, the screed rail should be lowered until the plan buildup is achieved.  Conversely, if the buildup is less than the plan thickness, the screed rail should be raised until the calculated buildup is achieved. The screed rail is adjusted by turning the nuts located between the top of the side form and the screed rail saddle. 
   
6. Steps 4-5 should be repeated for each twentieth point on the exterior girders before checking the interior girders.  Any errors found on the interior girders at that point should be minor variations due to incorrect pan elevations or the arithmetic difference in the plan dead load deflection of the particular interior girder and that of the exterior girder.  
   
7. Verify the plan deck thickness from the deck pans to the finish roller and the plan cover over the top mat of rebar.  The tolerance for deck thickness and rebar cover should be +/- 1/8th inch. The thickness and cover should be checked at least every other 20th point (or 40th or 60th point) at the center of the concrete deck panel or SIP form. 
   

 

        Hyperlink for Scale pdf files​

 

 

 

  

 

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- Construction Unit – (CCU@ncdot.gov)

- Division Construction Engineer

- Resident Engineer (RE to notify contractor if Deck & Rail only)

IF INCLUDES STRUCTURES

- Structures Management Unit - (SIA@ncdot.gov)

- Structures Management Unit - (Gichuru Muchane)

- Oversize/Overweight Permits - (Permit-structures@ncdot.gov)

IF OVER FEMA REGULATED STREAM

- Hydraulics - (NCDOT_Hydraulics_As-Built_Plans@ncdot.gov)

Any change order that requires the amendment of the Original Project Agreement

Changes to funding or milestone (completion) dates

Notice of project acceptance 

Prior to preconstruction conference, review any Professional and Engineering Service Agreements for conformance with Department procedures. Ensure that the Professional Management Services Unit of the Division of Technical Services reviews agreements with Private Engineering Firms (PEFs) to provide Construction Engineering and Inspections (CEI) services.

PEFs that perform design work for the project may not be utilized to perform CEI services. Local Agencies may request an exemption to this policy. Exemptions may be approved depending on the scope of work. Local Agencies should submit their request for an exemption to the Local Programs Management Office (LPMO) for review. LPMO will coordinate approval with the State Construction Engineer.

PEFs must be prequalified to perform CEI services.

NCDOT Certified Technicians must be provided to test and inspect items of work that require sampling, testing and inspecting by certified technicians (i.e. concrete, asphalt, densities). This applies to projects administered by PEF or Local Government Agency (LGA) staff.

Review reporting requirements at the preconstruction conference.

Prior to beginning work, review contract administration requirements and financial status (remaining balance of Agreement amount) with the LGA.

Assign a DOT representative to provide project oversight.

Monitor expenditures – Construction and CEI – and advise LGA in writing if the Agreement amount is exceeded or is anticipated to be exceeded.

Review for concurrence claims and Supplemental Agreements in accordance with the Department’s established thresholds. The Department’s review and concurrence is to determine if the subject work is eligible for funding reimbursement. Approval authority remains with the LGA.

Final inspection and written notice to LGA of required corrective work.

Final review of project records to determine conformance with required procedures prior to final reimbursement.

Ensure all commitments for the project have been removed in SAP after final payment or completion of the verified claim process. Check the status of commitments using the SAP function code ZPSR01.

Complete Form 1446B** (FHWA Final Acceptance Report) and the 1446B Checklist. Attach invoices for all charges, copy of final payment, a list of supplemental agreements and a list of time extensions, if applicable. Forward this package to the State Materials and Tests Engineer for material certification.

The Division Contract Administrator should check the status of payment of the Final Voucher** using SAP transaction code ZF22. The date of the payment of the final voucher will begin the period for retention of project records. See the Retention and Storage of Project Records and Documents in Records and Reports, for additional information about retention of records. 

Attend Preconstruction Conference.

Attend Monthly Construction and other regularly scheduled construction meetings.

Ensure that the private engineering firm used to perform construction administration is prequalified to perform Construction Engineering and Inspection by NCDOT. Also, ensure technicians who perform sampling and testing for project acceptance possess the appropriate certifications.

Ensure that exemption has been approved if the proposed firm performing CEI Services also provided design services for the project.

Review project as needed but a minimum of monthly. A monthly report shall be prepared and sent to the responsible agency documenting the following contract elements.

Pay record documentation.

Weigh Tickets.

Daily inspection reports.

Disadvantaged Business Enterprise/Minority Business Enterprise/Women Business Enterprise participation and tracking.

Materials received documentation.

Minimum sampling and testing of materials.

Certified Payroll submittal. **

Contract change documentation – Supplemental Agreements and Claims - For Supplemental Agreements, the RE / DOT Representative shall review the Project Agreement to verify that the supplemental work is within the original scope of work and to ensure funding is available for the change order. The Local Programs Management Office shall be contacted if an amendment to the agreement or a change in funding is necessary.

Documentation of penalties / acceptance as reasonably close conformance.

Review for concurrence all claims and Supplemental Agreements in accordance with the Department’s established thresholds. Concurrence with Supplemental Agreements required prior to beginning the supplemental work. The Department’s review and concurrence is to determine if the subject work is eligible for funding reimbursement. Approval authority remains with the LGA.

Enter submitted DBE-IS forms into SAP.

Process invoices submitted by the LGA for reimbursement.

Final project review – schedule DCE for final inspection, when appropriate. 

Provide reporting and contract administration training upon request from DCE or RE.​​

Review Claims and Supplemental Agreements in accordance with the Department’s established thresholds.

Perform final inspection, when requested by the DCE. 

Attend the Preconstruction Conference.

Perform random material audits including ensuring approved sources are used, proper certifications are received, received material quantities equal paid quantities of materials.

Perform random reviews for proper sampling and testing procedures.

Provide guidance for receipt, acceptance, payment of materials and compliance with all materials related specification and standards. 

Schedule Preconstruction Conference with the Contractor, DCE, RE, M&T Area Materials Specialist and other interested parties.

Provide daily contract administration.

Provide project documentation in accordance with the Department’s policy and procedures and in accordance with Federal regulations.*

Ensure that the private engineering firm utilized for construction administration is prequalified to perform Construction Engineering and Inspection by NCDOT. Also, ensure the technicians who perform the sampling testing for project acceptance possess the appropriate certifications.

Ensure Disadvantaged Business Enterprise/Minority Business Enterprise/Women Business Enterprise compliance. Submit DBE-IS forms with invoices to document Disadvantaged Business Enterprise/Minority Business Enterprise/Women Business Enterprise program compliance.

Contact RE or DOT Representative when Supplemental Agreements or Claims need review and approval.

Contact RE or DOT Representative prior to performing any work outside the original scope of the project or when there are questions regarding the Department’s policy and procedures.

Present project invoices to the RE or other assigned Division staff for reimbursement of costs as included in the Project Agreement. Invoices should include all appropriate documentation and project records to support the invoice payment request.

The Local Government Agency is required to submit a Letter of Certification to the NCDOT State Materials Engineer certifying that the materials incorporated in the construction work were in conformity with all applicable standards, specifications and plans. For more information regarding the Letter of Certification, see "Local Government Agency Administered Contracts – Letter of Certification by Licensed Professional Engineer" later in this section.  ​​

​Review final estimate and complete project closeout steps within 6 months from project acceptance.

Examples of pay record documentation can be requested from the Construction Unit.  ​

​Physical measurements must be recorded for any line item paid in units. Pay record documentation should be kept by Line Item and in a format that is easily reviewed.

Weigh tickets are required for materials paid by the ton. Weigh Tickets should be received and maintained by Line Item and kept in date order.

Measurements must also be recorded for lump sum contracts in order to document the quantity of work accomplished.

The Local Government Agency is required to submit a Letter of Certification to the NCDOT State Materials Engineer certifying that the materials incorporated in the construction work were in conformity with all applicable standards, specifications, and plans.

Refer to the Modified Minimum Sampling Guide (MSG) for Greenways and Multi-Use Paths on the following page for guidance regarding minimum sampling requirements. 

Independent Assurance.

QC/QA Programs.

Certified Laboratories and Sampling and Testing Technicians.

Pay Reductions.

Conversion Factors.

Alternate ID’s.

Material Receipts.

“Buy America” Letter.

Contract Bill of Materials (CBOM.)

Inspection Reports. 

Project Personnel

Inspectors 

Sampling and inspection of project produced material in accordance with the MSG.

Verifying that pre-certified/ pretested material have the proper documentation and approval (stamp or Alternate ID.)

Material Receipts entered in HiCAMS in a timely manner.

Obtaining the correct certifications for materials.

Resident Engineers

Ensuring test results are entered in HiCAMS.

Addressing test shortages and discrepancies.

Materials and Tests Unit

Pretested material (precast and pre-stress.)

Independent Assurance.

Area Materials personnel (Section Materials Specialist and Area Materials Engineers) auditing/reviewing project specific materials to insure compliance with MSG and Specifications. 

The required number of samples was not obtained for a specific material.

The required documentation (certification type) was not obtained for a specific material.

The material was not approved or supplied from an “Approved Source.”

No Material Received Report (MRR).

No/incorrect alternate ID.

Materials were not removed from the CBOM.

Temporary Items.

M & T did not receive the Asphalt Roadway Inspection Reports (Form 605).

No/insufficient embankment and/or subgrade density tests.

ABC issues.

Conversion factors. 

Major contracts: major grading; grading and structure; paving, widening, and rehabilitation; and turnkey projects. These contracts typically have a total cost of more than $10 million.
 
Minor contracts: all other contracts

 

The contractor advises he does not desire to review the final estimate
 
OR 
 
The date specified for the Contractor to review the final estimate has passed without reply from the Contractor
 
OR 
 
The Contractor reviews the final estimate or a closeout conference is held.

Cover Sheet: This should be Sheet Number 1 of this portion of the assembly. Page numbers should be shown in the upper right hand corner. Page numbers should be numbered consecutively for all sheets thereafter. The number of total sheets should be shown on each page.
 
1. Original Plan Title Sheet: This is the original plan title sheet that was included as part of the project plans. Any changes in the original equalities or project lengths should be shown in their appropriate locations.
 
2. Typical Sections: All typical sections that were used in the construction of the project should be included.
 
3. General Note Sheet: If a revised standard is used in the construction of any item, this revision should be indicated on this sheet.
 
4. Summary Sheets: The List of Pipe, Endwalls, Etc. summary sheet should be included in the As-Constructed Plans, but the quantities should not be revised and it is not necessary to line through the quantities. However, a note should be prominently placed stating “For as-constructed lengths, see plan sheets”. Other summary sheets, such as guardrail, earthwork, etc., should not be included in the As-Constructed Plans.
 
5. Plan and Profile Sheets: The plan and profile sheet should show the following information:
    
   Location of all right-of-way markers. These markers should be consecutively numbered starting at the beginning of the project. These same numbers should be recorded in the pay record book. 
    
   The final location of all control of access lines, if applicable, should be shown. These may or may not coincide with the right-of-way lines.
    
   The location of all pipe lines. The length laid for all pipe lines except subdrain and shoulder drain should be shown on the plan sheets.
    
   The location of all subdrain and shoulder drain lines should be shown. Information should include station, line, and left, or right. This information can be drawn on each roadway plan sheet, drawn on a supplemental plan sheet and placed immediately after the roadway plan sheet, or summarized in a tabular format on each roadway plan sheet. 
    
   Any changes in the right-of-way limits. 
    
   If a revised standard is used for any item during construction, this revised standard should be indicated on the plan sheet in the As-Constructed Plans. This should be accomplished by neatly lining through with one inked line the standard indicated on the original plans and placing the corrected information above or beside the original information.  
    
   The location of all fencing that has been placed. 
    
   Where possible, show sketches of all borrow and waste pits. 
    
   Where applicable, note those existing roads that are to be abandoned, obliterated, or left in place and retained on the State Roads System. 
    
   All channel changes.
    
   All changes in the horizontal or vertical alignment. These changes should be shown in black ink. If the revision is such that it cannot be shown on the existing plan sheet, then a new plan sheet should be drawn. This sheet should show all appropriate topography, such as driveways, sidewalks, etc., right-of-way and property lines, curve data, and bearings. 
6. Cross-Section Sheets: Original roadway plan cross-sections should not be included in the As-Constructed Plans. Cross-sections utilized for computation of quantities should be prepared as follows:
    
   A black pencil should be used to denote the original ground and a red pencil to denote final subgrade and side slopes on all cross-sections.
    
   The names of the individuals who computed and checked the cross-sections should be shown in the lower right hand corner of the last sheet of cross-sections. If several different people did this work, each should identify his own work.
    
   Cross-sections should normally be plotted to a minimum scale of one-inch equals five feet horizontal and vertical. However, if necessary, the scale may be adjusted.
    
   Original and final cross-sections of fill areas are to be shown and computed only when there is waste to be deducted.
    
   All cross-sections should be plotted with the stations running up the sheet.
    
   Any material removed below subgrade should be clearly identified on the cross-sections in blue pencil or blue ink.
    
   The pay record book(s) in which the cross-sections were recorded along with the page numbers where the information can be found should be shown on the first cross-section sheet. 

 

7. As-Constructed Plan Sheets for Structures: These plans should be revised in so far as dimensions and elevations are concerned. Where corrections are made, strike through - but leave legible - the original elevations and dimensions, and insert the corrected information over or beside the original information.
    
   All necessary sketches and computations to document the final quantities should be shown in the pay record book except the actual plotting of rod readings and the area computations of the cross-sections. If used, this information is to be shown on supplementary sheets in the As-Constructed Plans. The initials of the individuals plotting and checking the cross-sections and computing the areas as well as the date that the work was done should be shown.
    
   Where extra depth concrete is involved with excavation cross-sections, they should be handled in the same manner. See Specific Instructions Pertaining to All Entries Made in Pay Record Books and Estimate Work Books - Structure Items: Excavation and Class A Concrete in this section of the Manual.
    
   
   Piles should be numbered and pay lengths shown for each component of the structure.                                                         
   Final TIP elevations shall be labeled for each drilled pier.​                                                    
   For bridge preservation/rehab projects, show actual locations and types of repairs performed with dimensions.  This shall be shown for both substructure repairs and superstructure repairs.  Strike through any repairs shown on the plans that were not performed.                                                                                                                
   All corrections made on the As-Constructed Plans should be made with black ink.
   
    
   If the structure is located at a FEMA regulated crossing (Green Sheet Project Commitment and Title Block for As-Built Plans Certification), follow the guidance provided in the FEMA CERTIFICATION section of the Construction Manual.
    
   Complete Biological Survey for Northern Long-Eared Bats. Follow guidance provided in the NLEB section of the Construction Manual.  
8. Computation Sheets for Items not Computed in Pay Record Books: It is the intent of the procedures established by this section of the Manual that all computations concerning pay items should be made in the pay record book in which the measurements were recorded. It is recognized that there will be instances where this is not possible. In these instances the following procedures should be used:
    
   Sheets should be included in this portion of the assembly that contain the necessary sketches and computations.
    
   The computations should be clearly labeled and the pay record book number(s) and page number(s) where the original measurements were recorded should be shown. The initials of the individual who made the computations and the individual who checked them should be shown on the computation sheets. 
9. Signing plans should be included in the As-Constructed plans.

Electronic As-Constructed plans may be kept in lieu of the full size plans.  These should be uploaded into SharePoint. The Construction Unit should be notified that the plans have been uploaded into the As-Builts folder on the project team site. ​

Contract (Project Special Provisions).
 
DBE/ MB/WB Replacement documentation.
 
NCDOT DBE Payment Tracking System located on NCDOT webpage.
 
DBE Payment Report in HiCAMS under Standard Reports.