This study developed CMFs for comparing standard diamond interchange to other common interchange designs for total counts, fatal-injury (FI), and property damage only (PDO) crashes utilizing crash data from 2019 through 2023 from North Carolina. A total of 214 interchanges were evaluated, including diamond, PARCLO A, PARCLO B, PARCLO AB, single-point, complex-multi, and partial interchanges. The CMFs were developed for different interchange types, considering the baseline as diamond interchanges, utilizing cross-sectional models with negative binomial technique. The results of the cross-sectional analysis revealed that among all interchange types, compared to diamond interchanges, single-point interchanges were shown to have the greatest crash likelihoods for all crash severities, followed by complex interchanges. Also, PARCLO A interchanges were associated with greater crash likelihoods for all crash severities compared to diamond interchanges, but lower likelihoods with respect to single-point and complex interchanges. Partial interchanges had lower likelihoods for all crash severities compared to diamond interchanges, while PARCLO AB was found to be associated with lower likelihood for only PDO crashes. Furthermore, while PARCLO B was associated with slightly higher crash likelihoods for total and FI crashes, it showed a lower likelihood for PDO crashes, compared to diamond interchanges. Additionally, a manual review of a sample of 526 crashes revealed that K crashes, and KA crashes were most common at the diamond interchanges, while crashes at different locations of entry and exit ramps were more common for partial cloverleaf interchange types, except for those occurring at on-ramp terminals on crossroads, which were most common at diamond interchanges. Similarly, crash types, including angle, sideswipe same direction, rear-end, and backing up, head-on, and right-turn crashes, were more common for partial cloverleaf interchange types.
